Differences Between Bacteria and Viruses

Bacteria and viruses are both microscopic organisms that can cause disease in humans. While these microbes may have some characteristics in common, they are also very different. Bacteria are typically much larger than viruses and can be viewed under a light microscope. Viruses are about 1,000 times smaller than bacteria and are visible under an electron microscope. Bacteria are single-celled organisms that reproduce asexually independently of other organisms. Viruses require the aid of a living cell in order to reproduce. Where They Are Found Bacteria: Bacteria live almost anywhere including within other organisms, on other organisms, and on inorganic surfaces. They infect eukaryotic organisms such as animals, plants, and fungi. Some bacteria are considered to be extremophiles and can survive in extremely harsh environments such as hydrothermal vents and in the stomachs of animals and humans.Viruses: Much like bacteria, viruses can be found in almost any environment. They are pathogens that infect prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms including animals, plants, bacteria, and archaeans. Viruses that infect extremophiles such as archaeans have genetic adaptations that enable them to survive harsh environmental conditions (hydrothermal vents, sulphuric waters, etc.). Viruses can persist on surfaces and on objects we use every day for varying lengths of time (from seconds to years) depending on the type of virus. Bacterial and Viral Structure Bacteria: Bacteria are prokaryotic cells that display all of the characteristics of living organisms. Bacterial cells contain organelles and DNA that are immersed within the cytoplasm and surrounded by a cell wall. These organelles perform vital functions that enable bacteria to obtain energy from the environment and to reproduce.Viruses: Viruses are not considered cells but exist as particles of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) encased within a protein shell. Some viruses have an additional membrane called an envelope that is composed of phospholipids and proteins obtained from the cell membrane of a previously infected host cell. This envelope helps the virus enter a new cell by fusion with the cells membrane and helps it exit by budding. non-enveloped viruses typically enter a cell by endocytosis and exit by exocytosis or cell lysis.Also known as virions, virus particles exist somewhere between living and non-living organisms. While they contain genetic material, they dont have a cell wa ll or organelles necessary for energy production and reproduction. Viruses rely solely on a host for replication. Size and Shape Bacteria: Bacteria can be found in a variety of shapes and sizes. Common bacterial cell shapes include cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), spiral, and vibrio. Bacteria typically range in size from 200-1000 nanometers (a nanometer is 1 billionth of a meter) in diameter. The largest bacterial cells are visible with the naked eye. Considered the worlds largest bacteria, Thiomargarita namibiensis can reach up to 750,000 nanometers (0.75 millimeters) in diameter.Viruses: The size and shape of viruses are determined by the amount of nucleic acid and proteins they contain. Viruses typically have spherical (polyhedral), rod-shaped, or helically shaped capsids. Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have complex shapes which include the addition of a protein tail attached to the capsid with tail fibers extending from the tail. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria. They generally range in size from 20-400 nanometers in diameter. The largest viruses known, the pandoraviruses, are about 10 00 nanometers or a full micrometer in size. How They Reproduce Bacteria: Bacteria commonly reproduce asexually by a process known as binary fission. In this process, a single cell replicates and divides into two identical daughter cells. Under proper conditions, bacteria can experience exponential growth.Viruses: Unlike bacteria, viruses can only replicate with the aid of a host cell. Since viruses dont have the organelles necessary for the reproduction of viral components, they must use the host cells organelles to replicate. In viral replication, the virus injects its genetic material (DNA or RNA) into a cell. Viral genes are replicated and provide the instructions for the building of viral components. Once the components are assembled and the newly formed viruses mature, they break open the cell and move on to infect other cells. Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses Bacteria: While most bacteria are harmless and some are even beneficial to humans, other bacteria are capable of causing disease. Pathogenic bacteria that cause disease produce toxins that destroy cells. They can cause food poisoning and other serious illnesses including meningitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, which are very effective at killing bacteria. Due to the overuse of antibiotics however, some bacteria (E.coli and MRSA) have gained resistance to them. Some have even become known as superbugs as they have gained resistance to multiple antibiotics. Vaccines are also useful in preventing the spread of bacterial diseases. The best way to protect yourself from bacteria and other germs is to properly wash and dry your hands often.Viruses: Viruses are pathogens that cause a range of diseases including chickenpox, the flu, rabies, Ebola virus disease, Zika disease, and HIV/AIDS. Viruses can cause persistent infections in which t hey go dormant and can be reactivated at a later time. Some viruses can cause changes within host cells that result in the development of cancer. These cancer viruses are known to cause cancers such as liver cancer, cervical cancer, and Burkitts lymphoma. Antibiotics do not work against viruses. Treatment for viral infections typically involve medicines that treat the symptoms of an infection and not the virus itself. Antiviral drugs are used to treat some types of viral infections. Typically the hosts immune system is relied upon to fight off viruses. Vaccines can also be used to prevent viral infections. Differences Between Bacteria and Viruses Chart Bacteria Viruses Cell Type Prokaryotic Cells Acellular (not cells) Size 200-1000 nanometers 20-400 nanometers Structure Organelles and DNA within a cell wall DNA or RNA within a capsid, some have an envelope membrane Cells They Infect Animal, Plant, Fungi Animal, Plant, Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria, Archaea Reproduction Binary fission Rely on host cell Examples E.coli, Salmonella, Listeria, Mycobacteria, Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis Influenza viruses, Chickenpox viruses, HIV, Polio virus, Ebola virus Diseases Caused Tuberculosis, Food poisoning, Flesh-eating disease, Meningococcal meningitis, Anthrax Chickenpox, polio, flu, measles, rabies, AIDS Treatment Antibiotics Antiviral drugs

The Legacy Of The Great Depression - 3599 Words

The election of 1932 focused primarily on the Great Depression, the recent economic crisis that had swallowed the nation. At this time, thirteen million people were unemployed and 774 banks were shutting down annually. Economically unstable, Americans turned to Franklin Delano Roosevelt who claimed, â€Å"better days were ahead† with his New Deal reformation. He promised economic â€Å"recovery, job creation, investment in public works, and civic uplift† (Harvey 88). Immediately upon entering the white house, he began his 3 R process: relief, recovery, and reform (Bateman and Taylor 73). While this revolution would bring reform to U.S banking systems and help improve unemployment, the restoring of economic stability would go unmet; therefore, we must question the true effectiveness of this reformation. Roosevelt is considered to be one of the nation’s greatest and most influential presidents, yet he did not end the great depression as he was expected to. Was FDR as potent as we credit him to be? By exploring society before the depression, comparing presidents prior to FDR, as well as dissecting the success and failures of his New Deal reconstruction, we can analyze and conclude FDR’s true role in healing the nation. In order to understand FDR’s reformation, it is important to understand the society in which government was fighting to restore. Following World War 1, America’s economy boomed after experiencing a slight recession during the early 1920’s. Soldiers had recently returnedShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The Great Depression1957 Words   |  8 Pagessince the new deal. These were a series of programs introduced in 1933 that aimed to restore dignity to its citizens amidst the Great Depression, which began in 1929. 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This single event would spark the most trying time in this country’s history, and would forever change the way we as a people view strengthRead MorePresident Herbert Hoover : The Legacy Of The Great Depression1156 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: President Herbert Hoover is often undermined and overlooked as an idle predecessor in comparison to the renowned Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Many people believe that it was Hoover’s lack of action that brought America to it s knees before the Great Depression. Should Herbert Hoover be defined as the ineffective president accountable for the aftermath of the Stock Market Crash of 1929 or did he actually play an important role in alleviating the economic turmoil, but simply went unrecognized for hisRead MoreEssay on President FDR’s New Deal1042 Words   |  5 Pagestimes in American history. It was the time of the Great Depression. Millions of Americans suffered hardships as the economy was in a free fall. Many Americans were unemployed and lost almost everything they had owned. In 1932, America realized it was time for a change, and elected Franklin Delano Roosevelt in a landslide vote. Roosevelt promised to help end the depression and with his New Deal. The New Deal was Roosevelt’s plan to end the Great Depression. Through increased government spending, FDR enactedRead MoreEssay about The New Deal and the Great Society1175 Words   |  5 Pagesand the Great Society Although the New Deal was established about thirty years before the Great Society was, they both embodied similar characteristics. The origins of these two parts of history clearly resemble each other. Also, the goals of the Great Society largely compare to those of the New Deal. Finally, the New Deal and the Great Society prove to be alike through their lasting legacies. The Great Society resembles the New Deal in its origins, goals, and social and political legacies. TheRead MoreWorld Wars And The Great Depression1262 Words   |  6 Pagesalone. Millions of Americans have the same questions. So, what happened? Were so many of our families separated in the westward expansion that we lost our connections to the past? Were families in such crisis during the World Wars or the Great Depression that mere survival was their only focus? Was there a generation that just wanted to forget the past? Was it the â€Å"live for today† mentality of the ‘60s that deemed it â€Å"old fashioned† to have any roots or history? It was probably a combinationRead MoreHitler s Influence On The World946 Words   |  4 Pagescome true. In spite of his reputation, Adolf Hitler was a great leader who left an important legacy because he brought Germany out of the German Great Depression by helping the unemployed, he implemented cultural and social reform in Germany, and because of his influence, organizations were created to help prevent future disasters from occurring. The German Great Depression took place in the 1930’s, after World War I. The Great Depression had a big effect on Germany because of the large amount ofRead MoreThe Great Depression And The New Deal1177 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussing how women, blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans, were impacted by the Depression and the New Deal. I will also be discussing the long-term legacies of the New Deal and the major historical assessments that have been made of the New Deal. I will also be giving my thoughts and views on the assessments that have been made of the New Deal. The New Deal and Minorities The Great Depression was caused by the stock market crash in 1929. This stock market crash put the UnitedRead MoreGerstle s Historiographical Of Mainstream Americanism1327 Words   |  6 Pagesare even engraved on America’s founding documents; some historians argue that this is the reason why American people and their polity are so distinct. Nevertheless, civic nationalism has contradicted or even sometimes reinforced another ideological legacy, â€Å"†¦a racial nationalism that conceives of America in ethno-racial terms, as a people held together by common blood and skin color and by inherited fitness for self-government† (Gerstle 4). This is how Gerstle shows his understanding of nationalism:Read MoreWhat Makes A Name Hilton860 Words   |  4 Pagesof the name Hilton immediately the images of relaxation, luxury and quality spring into your mind. Yet, what is it that put the name Hilton in such high demand when booking a place to stay? Conrad Hilton the fam ous impresario built his timeless legacy from the ground up. From humble beginnings as a general store owners son to the founder of over 500 hotels and resorts spread over 78 different countries, Conrad Hilton redefined the meaning of lodging and hospitality and constructed the expectations

D1Influence Tha Different Stakeholders Exert in One Organisation Free Essays

In this case study I have chosen one of the following organisations from my previous task â€Å"McDonalds. † I have chosen McDonald’s because they are a very popular worldwide fast food restaurant and also they have a various amount of stake holders. Owners: Owners want to prosper and make money. We will write a custom essay sample on D1Influence Tha Different Stakeholders Exert in One Organisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now They also need to care about how the business is running and how it will be more successful by investing money. If McDonald’s wasn’t as successful as it is today then owners wouldn’t be as confident to keep their service running. Customers: Customers play a huge part in the business of McDonald’s an0d how it is run because without customers a business will not be successful. Customers have given McDonald’s the name it is today by going in and buying the products to keep the business running and also they can help owners make improvements. Suppliers: Suppliers of McDonald’s will be out of business if McDonald’s were not as popular as they are today and McDonald’s wouldn’t have been as successful if they didn’t have suppliers and their products to sell. Employees: Employees are as important as Owners in McDonald’s because they attend work and help the business achieve its goals by making the business successful also without employees, McDonald’s would be a lost cause because most employees run the business because they are usually set out in different departments to help customers focus on who to ask for assistant. Trade unions/ employer associations: Trade unions play a big role in McDonald’s because they are the people that make it happen for employers by giving them a job and without trade unions employees will not know what’s right and what’s wrong. Employer associations have an huge aspects in the role of business because without staff in a business a business will not be successful and staff make a business a business and would not be one without them. Local and national communities: Local and national communities are important to McDonald’s because they are a famous international fast food store and without their local and national communities they would have never been where they are today. They are usually concerned if the business is being successful and has no risks to bring them down, they can help and participate because they can give in good words to the business world about how McDonald’s should be run. Pressure groups: McDonald’s will do everything to avoid pressure groups because they have an huge impact in the world being run in different continents they need to make sure they do not lose the publics trust and the publics face or then pressure groups will be involved in McDonald’s business. Pressure groups are usually interest groups and can take over the business if it loses its face. Government: McDonald’s need the government in their business because they receive taxes, the more money McDonald’s makes the more the government make, so they will go out of their way to make sure that McDonald’s are successful and reaching their goals because it they fail then the government will not be getting their moneys worth. How to cite D1Influence Tha Different Stakeholders Exert in One Organisation, Papers

Computer Network Security Alternatives Essay Example For Students

Computer Network Security Alternatives Essay Computer Network Security Alternatives Computer network security and integrity is a large concern among all types and sizes of companies. The options for solving security risks are as varied as the companies themselves. However, it is possible to break down the methods for dealing with security risks into three major categories. Companies have the option to: 1. Select best of breed products for their various security needs and assemble the products together to form their own customized solutions. 2. Purchase a security suite that contains security products that will address their various security needs. 3. Outsource security to another company rather than handle it internally. This paper will summarize primary research conducted by Kang-hun Lee, Yonghoon Choi, Mike Loveridge, Tom Gonzales and David Linford over a three month period to determine in the security software industry. A survey instrument was prepared to capture the following data. 1. What do companies consider threats to their network environment? 2. What preferences do they have regarding specific security services? 3. What sort of security option do they prefer when choosing between: best of breed, suites or outsourcing. Findings and analysis Once the data were collected, we were able to organize and analyze the results. This section will both specify the analytical procedures we used as well as report on the findings. There are three (will be more when other sections get put in) primary types of analysis that we performed. 1. Find the security software 2. Segment the market based on preferred security options Finding the security software preference We analyzed the preference data from two perspectives. First of all, we took the data as a whole in order to describe the overall market. Overall Market The first type of analysis that we performed consisted of finding the percentage of respondents that preferred each of the three security options. The results of this analysis are summarized on chart 1. We found at this point that most of the people who took the survey overwhelmingly preferred a security suite approach. Most of those who preferred best of breed indicated that if a suite could provide a best of breed package, then they would prefer a suite.